The assessment of language is an essential component to neuropsychological evaluations, that is often quickly summarized as “speech was fluent and articulate, with normal rate, rhythm, intonation, and prosody.” While this may describe some aspects of speech, it by no means offers clinicians enough information to determine if language functions are impaired. This chapter will approach the assessment of language from more of a diagnostic perspective. That is, we will approach language disorders based on well-described aphasia syndromes which are familiar to many. While this can be helpful, some readers uncertain of aphasia syndromes, but observing some disruption of language, are encouraged to review Chap. 7 , which explores diagnosis of language disorders from a symptomatic (behavioral observation) perspective. Aphasia syndromes denote an acquired language dysfunction due to neurological injury or disease. Aphasia syndromes are generally described by three language domains first detailed by Benson and Geschwind: (1) fluent or nonfluent, (2) language comprehension, and (3) repetition. Additional components for assessing aphasia have been added, including naming, reading, and writing. Maintaining consistency with Chap. 7 , reference to “dominant hemisphere” will refer to left hemisphere, since greater than 90% of people are left hemisphere dominant for language.