This chapter examines the associated factors to sustainable railway transport system in Bangladesh. The study focused on detailed empirical evidence of four mega Railway projects of Bangladesh, namely: (i) Joydevpur-Jamalpur rail-track project, (ii) Akhaura-Sylhet rail-track, (iii) Joydevpur-Ishwardi rail-track, (iv) ‘fast-track’ Padma Bridge rail-link project. In 2016, when Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visited Bangladesh’s capital in 2016, a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed for the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project, which was supposed to be funded by China under a government to government (G2G) arrangement. Insights discussed in the book chapter are derived from a comprehensive literature review based on several scholarly sources such as journals, newspapers, theses, reports, and so on. Opinions and suggestions from several stakeholders such as—officials in both public and private actors, scholars, academics as well as civil society leaders have been thoroughly evaluated. The proposed railway projects are expected to have significant impacts for the future socioeconomic prosperity and environmental sustainability of the country. Evidence shows that a high-capacity, efficient, and environmentally sound transport system is required which allows more connectivity and mobility to achieve sustainable development agenda for the country. Further, the foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as international loan agreement must be safeguarded addressing geopolitical and socio-environmental barriers. Bureaucratic complexities in China and incompetency of Bangladeshi implementing agencies both contributed to the delay in processing loan documents related to the projects of Bangladesh Railway (BR). Therefore, a long-term perspective plan (e.g., railway master plan) with a provision of alternative financial sources must be put into action by the government to secure a safe and sustainable railway system. Last but not least, comprehensive research is necessary to ensure that the investment is both financially feasible, economically viable, and environmentally sustainable.