This chapter presents a comprehensive review of advanced heat transfer fluids (HTFs) and materials tailored for high-temperature Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems. As CSP technologies push toward higher operating temperatures to improve thermal efficiency and reduce costs, innovations in HTFs such as molten salts, solid particles, liquid metals, and nanofluids are becoming critical. The chapter explores the thermophysical properties, stability, and performance of these fluids under extreme conditions. It also examines high-temperature-resistant materials and coatings, including metal alloys, ceramics, and nanotechnology-enhanced surfaces, emphasizing their roles in enhancing heat absorption and minimizing corrosion. Strategies for corrosion prevention, material compatibility, and alloy selection are discussed in detail to ensure durability and system longevity. Economic and environmental implications of deploying advanced materials are analyzed to guide future development. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry stakeholders working to optimize next-generation solar thermal systems.