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This chapter introduces the quantum theoretical formulation of photon-matter interactions, constituting the first of five chapters in Vol. II. The quantum approach has its roots in a foundational paper by Kramers and Heisenberg in 1925 [1], written just before the formulation of quantum theory. Two years later Dirac quantized the EM field and used first order perturbation theory to derive the quantum mechanical expression for x-ray absorption and emission [2], later called by Fermi “Golden rule number 2” [3]. Shortly thereafter Dirac re-derived the Kramers–Heisenberg formula in the second order quantum formulation [4]. We shall here use this modern quantum version of the theory and, giving credit to its architects, refer to it as the Kramers–Heisenberg–Dirac (KHD) theory.

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Quantum Formulation of X-Ray Interactions with Matter

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Joachim Stöhr

摘要

This chapter introduces the quantum theoretical formulation of photon-matter interactions, constituting the first of five chapters in Vol. II. The quantum approach has its roots in a foundational paper by Kramers and Heisenberg in 1925 [1], written just before the formulation of quantum theory. Two years later Dirac quantized the EM field and used first order perturbation theory to derive the quantum mechanical expression for x-ray absorption and emission [2], later called by Fermi “Golden rule number 2” [3]. Shortly thereafter Dirac re-derived the Kramers–Heisenberg formula in the second order quantum formulation [4]. We shall here use this modern quantum version of the theory and, giving credit to its architects, refer to it as the Kramers–Heisenberg–Dirac (KHD) theory.