Human activities are the main cause of wastewater that imitates from houses, industries, and agriculture. The wastewater or sewage water thus pollutes soil, drinking water, and also negatively impacts on environment. A huge amount of it is also disposed of into groundwater, which adversely affects human health. Water is a necessary source for living. Presently, agricultural land is exposed to wastewater. This wastewater is used for irrigation and provides nutrients to plants. Contamination occurs by sewage water through irrigation to food crops via the soil. The book chapter gives a comprehensive understanding of the composition, sources, and characteristics of sewage water. It provides a detailed understanding of the effect of sewage water on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil and also describes the effect of sewage water on various water resources, the environment, and human health. The chapter also highlights the health risks associated with sewage wastewater and provides mitigation and control measures. The chapter will help researchers and scientists to confiscate the problems of sewage wastewater improvement and control measures from future perspectives.