The study of salivary gland tissue and the surgical management of salivary gland pathology are fundamental to practicing otolaryngologist and head and neck surgeons. Traditional surgical intervention for both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the salivary glands include sialadenectomy, superficial or complete parotidectomy, minor procedures involving the salivary ducts, and procedural interventions for xerostomia and sialorrhea. Recent surgical advances—such as minimally invasive, endoscopic, and robotic techniques—have expanded the surgeon’s armamentarium for managing salivary gland disorders. Additionally, innovative procedures like salivary gland transfer are being explored. The mechanisms underlying salivary gland function remain an active area of research, with future applications potentially including the regeneration of functional glandular tissue. This chapter provides a brief overview of the basic surgical anatomy and physiology of the major and minor salivary glands, outlines traditional indications for surgical intervention, and describes recent advances in salivary gland surgery. This chapter concludes by highlighting emerging discoveries in salivary gland regeneration and their implications for the future of surgical management.