A recently emerging form of parasocialityparasociality emerges between subjectssubjects and AIAI chatbotschatbots and AI companionscompanions. The chapter explores how AI chatbots, such as ChatGPTChatGPT, acquire epistemic authorityepistemic authority on the one hand and target parasocial relatednessrelatedness in their users on the other. Furthermore, challenges and potentials are discussed alongside the latest empirical insights, illustrating how subjects intellectually subordinatesubordinate themselves to AI, often ascribing superiority to it instead of using it as a tool for critical reflectionreflection. The chapter then analyses AIAI-powered counsellingcounselling tools (including ChatGPTChatGPT, AI EstherAI Esther, and Eric AIEric AI) from both the consumers’ and the providers’ perspectives. It discusses the characteristics that foster therapeutic effectstherapeutic effects, such as therapeutic alliance and sophisticated advice, and those that hinder effectiveness, including agreeableness, lack of embodiedembodied processes like holding space, and constant validationvalidation paired with low intervention intensity. Finally, it addresses the ethicsethics, risksrisks, and meaning of counselling in these contexts, providing insights into challenges from both the client’s and developer’s perspectives, including technical limitations and dilemmas. Lastly, the chapter turns to AIAI companionscompanions, such as ReplikaReplika, exploring their functions, relational dynamics, and experienced intimaciesintimacies from the users’ perspective. It shows how subjectssubjects become emotionally and socially engaged in one-sided parasocial relationshipsparasocial relationships, investing themselves, time, dedication, and money, and feeling indebted to the chatbot. The chapter illustrates how chatbot companions accelerate such dynamics through social mechanismssocial mechanisms and conditioning, describing the subjective experiences of users and highlighting both the potentialpotential benefits and the psychological and social costs of such relatednessrelatedness.

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One-Sided Parasociality with AI

  • Johanna L Degen

摘要

A recently emerging form of parasocialityparasociality emerges between subjectssubjects and AIAI chatbotschatbots and AI companionscompanions. The chapter explores how AI chatbots, such as ChatGPTChatGPT, acquire epistemic authorityepistemic authority on the one hand and target parasocial relatednessrelatedness in their users on the other. Furthermore, challenges and potentials are discussed alongside the latest empirical insights, illustrating how subjects intellectually subordinatesubordinate themselves to AI, often ascribing superiority to it instead of using it as a tool for critical reflectionreflection. The chapter then analyses AIAI-powered counsellingcounselling tools (including ChatGPTChatGPT, AI EstherAI Esther, and Eric AIEric AI) from both the consumers’ and the providers’ perspectives. It discusses the characteristics that foster therapeutic effectstherapeutic effects, such as therapeutic alliance and sophisticated advice, and those that hinder effectiveness, including agreeableness, lack of embodiedembodied processes like holding space, and constant validationvalidation paired with low intervention intensity. Finally, it addresses the ethicsethics, risksrisks, and meaning of counselling in these contexts, providing insights into challenges from both the client’s and developer’s perspectives, including technical limitations and dilemmas. Lastly, the chapter turns to AIAI companionscompanions, such as ReplikaReplika, exploring their functions, relational dynamics, and experienced intimaciesintimacies from the users’ perspective. It shows how subjectssubjects become emotionally and socially engaged in one-sided parasocial relationshipsparasocial relationships, investing themselves, time, dedication, and money, and feeling indebted to the chatbot. The chapter illustrates how chatbot companions accelerate such dynamics through social mechanismssocial mechanisms and conditioning, describing the subjective experiences of users and highlighting both the potentialpotential benefits and the psychological and social costs of such relatednessrelatedness.