Brain mapping is a multidisciplinary field that aims to elucidate the structural and functional organization of the brain through advanced imaging techniques and computational analysis. Over the past century, the field has evolved from rudimentary anatomical studies to sophisticated methodologies integrating neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and artificial intelligence. This chapter provides a historical overview of brain mapping, highlighting key milestones and the contributions of major initiatives such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP), the Allen Brain Atlases, and the Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, which have significantly advanced our understanding of brain architecture and function. The clinical and research applications of brain mapping are vast, spanning neurosurgery, neurological disorder diagnostics, cognitive neuroscience, and neurodevelopmental studies. Emerging technologies, including brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, are reshaping the field by enabling more precise analyses of neural networks and facilitating novel therapeutic interventions. Despite these advances, brain mapping presents significant ethical and methodological challenges, particularly in the context of neuroprivacy, data interpretation, and translational applications. Future directions in the field will likely involve the refinement of high-resolution imaging, the development of multimodal integration techniques, and the application of brain mapping in personalized medicine and neuroeducation. By bridging fundamental neuroscience with clinical and technological innovation, brain mapping continues to revolutionize our understanding of the human brain and its vast potential applications.