The rise of quantum computing presents a significant challenge to conventional cryptographic systems threatening the security of digital communications relying on RSA, ECC, and other classical encryption techniques. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm leverage the computational power of quantum machines to efficiently solve problems in these systems. In response, post-quantum cryptography (PQC) has emerged as an important field focused on designing cryptographic algorithms resistant to quantum-based attacks. This paper discusses the vulnerabilities of traditional cryptography, the fundamentals of quantum computing, and introduces key PQC approaches. The study highlights its essential role in ensuring data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity against future quantum threats. There is a discussion on encryption techniques for smart systems. Lastly, future directions for PQC schemes are given for curious minds to continue research in this domain.