As the world’s second-largest economy and the country with the second-largest population, China represents a pivotal market for the global bioeconomy. In alignment with its transition toward greener and more circular development, China has elevated the bioeconomy to a strategic priority, integrating it into national policies. This chapter examines China’s bioeconomy agenda, characterizing its key sectors—including biomedicine, bio-agriculture, biomanufacturing, bioenergy, biological environmental protection, bioinformation industry, and biomedical engineering—and analyzing their future focus. We believe policy support and strategic planning, growing demand for sustainable solutions, and new biotechnology innovation and breakthroughs will provide new opportunities. However, challenges such as global competition, regulatory barriers, resource constraints, and low consumer acceptance may pose obstacles.