Why do governments have policies to subsidize both fossil energy production and fossil energy consumption? At first blush, this seems tautological—like paying farmers to produce more food and paying households to eat more. This might be a laudable arrangement if the result was that malnourished people were better fed. However, after decades of studying fossil energy subsidies, IEA has concluded that fossil energy subsidies disproportionately benefit well-to-do individuals (IEA, 2024) and many of them use fossil fuels inefficiently. This chapter describes the array of fossil fuel subsidiesFossil fuel subsidies and regulations.