The transition to sustainable materials is crucial for addressing global environmental challenges. Bacterial cellulose (BC), a high-purity biopolymer with unique properties, has emerged as a promising alternative to plant-derived cellulose in various applications. However, its widespread industrial adoption is limited, mainly for economic reasons. This chapter presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) and revises the life cycle assessment (LCA) of BC production, comparing its feasibility, cost, and sustainability with those of plant-derived micro- and nanocellulose (PMNC). A process model using SuperPro Designer software was used to evaluate the economic viability of an industrial-scale BC production facility (264 ton/year—dry mass). Despite the high initial capital investment (€21.5 million) and energy-intensive fermentation and purification processes, economic feasibility can be achieved within a 4–5 year payback period. A market analysis reveals that BC, with an estimated price of €41/kg, may have a challenging market position against microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), advising strategic positioning in high-value applications such as biomedical materials, cosmetics, and advanced composites. The comparative LCA, using standardized methodologies, highlighted key environmental trade-offs. While BC production shows lower environmental impacts than other nanocelluloses in some categories, its use in downstream products, such as textile fibers, significantly increases its environmental footprint owing to the high energy demand and use of resource-intensive chemicals (e.g., sodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide), as compared to the available cellulose sources (cotton, regenerated from forest biomass). Sensitivity analyses suggested that substituting conventional culture medium with agro-industrial byproducts could mitigate these impacts by over 60%, emphasizing the potential of circular economy approaches for improving BC sustainability. This chapter underscores the need for continued process optimization, regulatory incentives, and strategic market alignment to enhance the economic and environmental viability of BC production. By addressing production bottlenecks and leveraging sustainable feedstocks, BC could contribute to the transition toward a bio-based economy.