This chapter traces crucial moments in the development of Western Marxism, with a particular focus on its complex and evolving relationship with dialectics. At the heart of this discussion within Western Marxism, lies the enduring question of the relationship between Hegelian dialectics and K.Marx’s dialectics. The chapter explores the contrasting positions of those who argue for a fundamental continuity between Hegel’s and K.Marx’s dialectical methods—often characterised as ‘Hegelians’—and those who advocate a decisive break with Hegelian dialectics, commonly referred to as ‘anti-Hegelians’. The discussion begins by analysing how key figures such as Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch and Antonio Gramsci revived dialectics as a dynamic methodological framework for understanding social history and envisioning transformative social change. It then turns to the Frankfurt School and examines its ambivalent engagement with dialectics, particularly in the work of Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse. Finally, the chapter considers Louis Althusser’s structural Marxism, situating his redefinition of dialectics within his broader theoretical agenda. This agenda emphasises the ‘anti-humanism’, ‘anti-historicism’ and the ‘epistemological break’ that Althusser identified in Marx’s thought.