Since the end of the Second World War, the human suffering caused by ongoing wars, particularly in non-Western nations such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, and Syria, includes significant health and mental health risks for survivors of these wars. Memories of their experiences are often implicitly shared in the narrative of their survival, frequently shaping their thoughts and feelings and relived in nightmares, affecting their day-to-day emotions and stress reactions. This chapter discusses the neurobiological sources of these risks, the development of PTSD, and other long-lasting effects such as trauma transference. It discusses the link between chronic activation of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and pituitary glands, collectively known as the stress pathway and the development of PTSD, resulting in emotional dysregulation that affects the well-being of survivors and, in some cases, their offspring.