During the development of new vibration-damping polymer materials, the ability to predict their damping and viscoelastic properties plays a crucial role, eliminating the need for material manufacturing and testing. This study presents analytical solutions for predictive modeling of the loss coefficient, which allow establishing a relationship between the dynamic-mechanical characteristics of dispersely filled composite, the nature, and degree of filler dispersion based on rheological data. A detailed calculation is provided to determine the loss coefficient as a three-dimensional model of the composite. Comparison of numerical damping characteristic values obtained using the derived formulas with the results of experimental studies shows that the proposed model not only demonstrates qualitative regularity in the dependence of composite dynamic behavior on filler content and surface nature but also provides acceptable quantitative results.