Climate change is making highway infrastructure more and more fragile. Extreme weather, changing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and rising sea levels are all making roads worse and generating problems with operations. Even though people are becoming more aware of the situation, there is still a gap in knowledge of the several types of failures that climate-related stressors can produce, such as operational, structural, hydrological, and geotechnical failures. This study intends to fill this gap by systematically examining how climate change affects highway infrastructure and how Environmental Decision Support Systems (EDSS) can help lessen these consequences. Using PRISMA principles and data from Scopus and Web of Science, we did a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis that led to the selection of 43 high-quality peer-reviewed papers. The results show that climate change significantly affects drainage systems, speeds up the deterioration of roads, causes landslides, and makes transportation operations less efficient, which seriously affects the economy and society. The study shows the need for a multimodal EDSS framework that includes AI technologies, GIS-based risk assessments, remote sensing, and predictive climate models to help with real-time monitoring, forecasting, and adaptation measures. The suggested framework might help people make investment decisions, make legislative changes that are more climate-friendly, and keep highway networks in cities going for a long time.