While there is extensive research on democratic dissatisfaction and satisfaction with democracy within Western populations, there is little research on Middle East and North Africa (MENA)/Arab countries going past the simple evaluation of the proportion of citizens’ support for democracy. In academic research, there is usually a stronger focus on questioning whether these countries are democracies, the structure of the democracies themselves, and the authoritarian leaders, rather than citizens’ opinions on their democracies and systems of governance. As fledgling or hybrid democracies, in a region where democracy has struggled to take hold, going further and understanding the specific factors that cause MENA region citizens to be more or less satisfied with their democratic systems is important. Lebanon and Morocco are important case studies for this, as two of the most democratized states in the region. This study considers the central factors influencing satisfaction with democracy in Western literature, the structures, institutions, and civil opinion in the democracies of Lebanon and Morocco. Based on the Comparative Conspiracy Research Survey (CCRS) dataset, I carry out quantitative analysis and regression, analyzing what variables (including trust in institutions and populism) impact Moroccan and Lebanese citizens’ satisfaction with democracy and how these compare to Western indicators. These quantitative results provide further, unique nuance to more normative literature on citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in the MENA region.

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Causes and Effects of Democratic Dissatisfaction in Lebanon and Morocco

  • Engi Abou-El-Kheir

摘要

While there is extensive research on democratic dissatisfaction and satisfaction with democracy within Western populations, there is little research on Middle East and North Africa (MENA)/Arab countries going past the simple evaluation of the proportion of citizens’ support for democracy. In academic research, there is usually a stronger focus on questioning whether these countries are democracies, the structure of the democracies themselves, and the authoritarian leaders, rather than citizens’ opinions on their democracies and systems of governance. As fledgling or hybrid democracies, in a region where democracy has struggled to take hold, going further and understanding the specific factors that cause MENA region citizens to be more or less satisfied with their democratic systems is important. Lebanon and Morocco are important case studies for this, as two of the most democratized states in the region. This study considers the central factors influencing satisfaction with democracy in Western literature, the structures, institutions, and civil opinion in the democracies of Lebanon and Morocco. Based on the Comparative Conspiracy Research Survey (CCRS) dataset, I carry out quantitative analysis and regression, analyzing what variables (including trust in institutions and populism) impact Moroccan and Lebanese citizens’ satisfaction with democracy and how these compare to Western indicators. These quantitative results provide further, unique nuance to more normative literature on citizens’ satisfaction with democracy in the MENA region.