Chapter 4 maps the structure of the export‑oriented agricultural value chain under the Kirchner administrations, showing how Argentina’s structural dependence on agricultural exports and the 2000s commodity boom generated substantial windfall rents and sharpened distributive conflicts. It analyzes the transformation of the input, production, and commercialization segments: the rise of biotechnology and seed multinationals, the spread of contract farming, and the post‑1990s deregulation and vertical integration of a small group of global traders. This structural analysis reveals a highly concentrated chain in which control over technology, logistics, and foreign markets is concentrated in multinational input suppliers and traders, while producers—especially smaller farmers and local seed firms—occupy the weakest bargaining position.