The advent of interstellar exploration necessitates the advancement of space medicine, a field fraught with unique challenges due to the harsh conditions of space. This chapter delves into the pivotal role of artificial intelligence and biomedical visualization in addressing the health needs of astronauts. We begin by outlining the necessity for space medicine and the integral role of AI and visualization technologies in this domain. The chapter then explores the unique challenges of space medicine, including the effects of microgravity, cosmic radiation, and psychosocial stressors, and reviews the current medical technologies employed in space. A significant focus is placed on artificial intelligence capabilities in monitoring astronaut health through wearable technology, predictive health analytics, and emergency response systems. The visualization of complex medical data in microgravity environments is examined, highlighting the use of virtual and augmented reality, as well as interactive 3D models for educational purposes. We also discuss AI-driven medical procedures, such as telemedicine, robotic surgery, and autonomous health systems, which are crucial for long-duration missions. Further, this chapter addresses the groundbreaking potential of AI in bioprinting for tissue engineering in space, outlining both the possibilities and the challenges posed by microgravity. The integration of AI into interplanetary telemedicine networks and personalized medicine for astronauts is discussed, along with speculative technologies that promise future advancements in space medicine. Finally, the chapter considers the ethical and practical implications of deploying AI in space missions, including data privacy, ethical decision-making, and the reliability of AI systems in critical situations. Concluding with a recapitulation of AI’s transformative impact on space medicine, the chapter envisions a future where artificial intelligence and space exploration converge to overcome the final frontier of medical challenges.