The chapter reveals the specificity of the evolutionary path of our species in comparison with other species. Anthropogenesis in the central lineage leading to H. sapiens is a unidirectional and accelerated process with a special role for communicative, cognitive abilities and other mental traits that together constitute mental structures or mentality. The transmission of experience, the development of cognitive abilities, and the transformation of the environment are not exclusively human traits. However, the breadth, flexibility, and efficiency of mental structures make us unique. In contrast to other social animals, hominins responded to challenge-opportunities with predominantly goal-oriented attempts (trials, tryouts), similar to the complex constructive problem solving of chimpanzees in W. Koehler’s experiments. As a result, hominins systematically formed specific mental structures, the most important of which are skills, abilities, and attitudes. In special hominin social orders, they served as ingredients for flexible polyfunctional “magic wands” unique to our species, including shared intentionality, normativity, internalization, and interaction ritual. Principles for developing enabling structures include: “skills from practices, “ “practices from concerns and attitudes, “ “attitudes and energy from rituals, “ “rituals from social concerns, “ etc.“ The evolutionary mechanism, which included the “magic wands” of specific hominins, gene variability, and multilevel selection, developed uniquely human characteristics: language, culture, and consciousness.