Cognitive impairment represents a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, affecting multiple domains with varying degrees of severity and significantly hampering functional recovery. Unraveling the neurobiological underpinnings of cognitive deficits is crucial for advancing our understanding and treatment of this debilitating disorder. Multiple neurobiological mechanisms have been associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, including genetic factors, disrupted neurotransmission, regional and whole-brain structural and functional alterations, as well as, more recently, neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction. The past decades witnessed significant knowledge advancements, and the focus shifted to disentangling their intricate interplay, which collectively contribute to cognitive impairment. This chapter provides an overview of the main findings on neurobiological bases of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, filling in the dots to highlight their interactions, pointing out open questions, and discussing clinical implications.