Fungal infections have emerged as significant contributors to global morbidity and mortality, particularly among hospitalized and immunocompromised populations. These infections range from superficial diseases affecting the skin and mucosal surfaces to life-threatening invasive infections. Factors such as the growing use of immunosuppressive therapies, organ transplants, and recent viral epidemics have increased the population at risk for severe fungal diseases. More than 300 million individuals are affected annually by serious fungal infections, with mortality rates exceeding 1.5 million deaths worldwide. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of major fungal pathogens, including Candida species, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and emerging multidrug-resistant species such as Candida auris. Additionally, we review the recent World Health Organization (WHO) fungal priority pathogens list, highlighting the species with significant public health impacts due to their antifungal resistance, high mortality rates, and diagnostic challenges.