Petroleum serves as a natural source of energy and a primary source of petrochemicals. The hydrocarbon pollutants from petroleum industries comprise various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. Remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants is challenging due to their inherent recalcitrant nature. The aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants are widely distributed in air, water, and soil. The risks associated with these toxic hydrocarbons have driven us to explore remediation methods for cleaning up petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in an economically and environmentally feasible manner. Several physicochemical methods have been developed to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in our environment. However, the high hydrophobic nature of aromatic hydrocarbons and their low aqueous solubility strongly favor their adsorption onto soil and sediments. Consequently, the remediation of aromatic hydrocarbons using physicochemical methods is very challenging. In this context, microbial technology has evolved as a new possibility for the remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. Numerous indigenous microorganisms in water and soil have been reported for their capability of hydrocarbon degradation. Microorganisms involved in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon catalyze the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon into carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic compounds through microbial metabolism. This chapter presents a rationalized overview of the recent developments in microbial technology for the remediation of aromatic hydrocarbon.