The global challenge of solid and municipal waste has intensified due to rapid urbanization and population growth. Since the technological advancements of the twentieth century, the composition of this waste has evolved considerably, creating new hurdles for waste management systems. Waste management encompasses the entire lifecycle of waste, from generation to final disposal, including collection, transport, treatment, and monitoring. However, current systems are hindered by various challenges: institutional, economic, technical, legislative, and operational. Ineffective waste management adversely affects ecosystems, human health, natural resources, and economic growth, while compromising overall quality of life. As the volume of solid and municipal waste continues to rise, so do the associated risks and environmental degradation, underscoring the importance of adopting sustainable waste management practices. Such practices are essential for fostering a cleaner, healthier environment for future generations. This chapter will delve into the nature of solid and municipal waste, its various types, sources, challenges, management strategies, and the implications for human health and the environment.