This chapter examines the growing role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the arsenals of non-state actors, including insurgent groups, terrorist organizations, and criminal networks. As drone technology becomes cheaper and more accessible, these actors have adapted UAVs for surveillance, targeted strikes, and psychological operations. The chapter explores the drivers of this trend, offers case studies, and analyzes the broader implications for international security and governance. It argues that the diffusion of drone capabilities beyond state control presents a pressing challenge to existing defense frameworks and global regulatory norms.