Cyclonic hazardsHazards significantly impact migrationMigration outcomes, influenced by environmentalEnvironmental, political, demographicDemographic, economic, and socialSocial factors. These factors are interconnected with policies that encourage or impede migration. Cyclonic hazardsHazards can exert gradual pressure through prolonged inundation or sudden impacts like tropicalTropical cyclones. Individuals may migrateMigrate in response to immediate threats or anticipate future risksRisks. These factors and their intertwined nature influence the complexity of migrationMigration. The study’s primary goal is to understand the migration pattern and the socio-economic and livelihood scenarios of migrantMigrant and non-migrant families. The whole research was executed based on an empirical data set collected through an intensive field survey through a semi-structured questionnaire. The question was formatted with the help of a pilot survey on those particular areas and taken with the help of existing literature on this field. Initially, we selected ten villagesVillage based on their cyclonic risk intensityIntensity. Four villagesVillage were chosen from high-risk to cycloneCyclone, three were selected from moderate-risk areas, and the last three were comparatively less prone to cyclonesCyclone. Among the total householdsHouseholds from the villagesVillage, we took 750 households as sample householdsHouseholds. Out of the total sample, nearly 65% were categorized as migrated households from where a minimum of one member was migrated, and the remaining 34% were classified as non-migrantMigrant families where no one migrated. The data revealed that householdsHouseholds near the coast are more prone to cyclones, which have significant damageDamage and are more compelled to migrateMigrate. LandholdingLandholding capacityCapacity is the most critical factor in deciding on migrationMigration. LandlessLandless households or low-holding families were more prone to migrateMigrate than those having high landholdingLandholding capacity. The people who have attended the school up to the lower class or illiterate are more prone to migrateMigrate. The people living in Kucha houses are more prone to cycloneCyclone damage. Moreover, most of the families from coastalCoastal SundarbansSundarbans migrated with a dream of making a concrete house. Here, it also established that migration could be an adaptationAdaptation from the adverse effect of cyclonesCyclone for coastal dwellers. Most of the people who migrated had better economic conditions after migrationMigration, and it was also seen in some cases that migrantMigrant householdsHouseholds were more economically powerful than non-migrant families. However, it also challenges the govt. Most people work in the destination as an informal job with low socialSocial and service security due to unskilled labor. So, governments must take the necessary steps to skill the youth age population for that security concern with “Migrant as an adaptation.”

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Quantifying Migration Influences: Coastal Perspectives

  • Pintu Mandal,
  • Suman Paul

摘要

Cyclonic hazardsHazards significantly impact migrationMigration outcomes, influenced by environmentalEnvironmental, political, demographicDemographic, economic, and socialSocial factors. These factors are interconnected with policies that encourage or impede migration. Cyclonic hazardsHazards can exert gradual pressure through prolonged inundation or sudden impacts like tropicalTropical cyclones. Individuals may migrateMigrate in response to immediate threats or anticipate future risksRisks. These factors and their intertwined nature influence the complexity of migrationMigration. The study’s primary goal is to understand the migration pattern and the socio-economic and livelihood scenarios of migrantMigrant and non-migrant families. The whole research was executed based on an empirical data set collected through an intensive field survey through a semi-structured questionnaire. The question was formatted with the help of a pilot survey on those particular areas and taken with the help of existing literature on this field. Initially, we selected ten villagesVillage based on their cyclonic risk intensityIntensity. Four villagesVillage were chosen from high-risk to cycloneCyclone, three were selected from moderate-risk areas, and the last three were comparatively less prone to cyclonesCyclone. Among the total householdsHouseholds from the villagesVillage, we took 750 households as sample householdsHouseholds. Out of the total sample, nearly 65% were categorized as migrated households from where a minimum of one member was migrated, and the remaining 34% were classified as non-migrantMigrant families where no one migrated. The data revealed that householdsHouseholds near the coast are more prone to cyclones, which have significant damageDamage and are more compelled to migrateMigrate. LandholdingLandholding capacityCapacity is the most critical factor in deciding on migrationMigration. LandlessLandless households or low-holding families were more prone to migrateMigrate than those having high landholdingLandholding capacity. The people who have attended the school up to the lower class or illiterate are more prone to migrateMigrate. The people living in Kucha houses are more prone to cycloneCyclone damage. Moreover, most of the families from coastalCoastal SundarbansSundarbans migrated with a dream of making a concrete house. Here, it also established that migration could be an adaptationAdaptation from the adverse effect of cyclonesCyclone for coastal dwellers. Most of the people who migrated had better economic conditions after migrationMigration, and it was also seen in some cases that migrantMigrant householdsHouseholds were more economically powerful than non-migrant families. However, it also challenges the govt. Most people work in the destination as an informal job with low socialSocial and service security due to unskilled labor. So, governments must take the necessary steps to skill the youth age population for that security concern with “Migrant as an adaptation.”