The paper examines the process of launching a steel, durable shell through intensive deformation of a low-density polyethylene filler (core) caused by shock waves generated by a high-speed impact of the structure against a strong barrier. The shell’s launch velocity is determined by the duration and intensity of the pressure impulse created by the shock waves in the filler material. This problem is of interest to aerospace (protection against space debris) and defense (development of munitions) industries. The process was numerically simulated using the ANSYS Autodyn software package, applying continuum mechanics methods in the Lagrangian framework, taking into account material failure and erosion. For a velocity range from 415 to 1900 m/s, dependencies of the radial launch velocities of the shell on the impact velocity with the barrier were established. It was shown that these dependencies are linear and that there is a velocity gradient along the length of the shell. It was also demonstrated that with increasing impact velocity, the velocity of the shell’s front part increases faster than the rear part. The nature of these dependencies is determined by a combination of compression and tension waves in the shell and filler materials, the relationship between the shock wave velocity and the pressure on its front, and the duration of the strikers’s passage through the barrier, i.e., the duration of constraints on the shell’s radial movement. To determine the relationship between launch velocity and pressure impulse characteristics, further research is needed on penetration through barriers of varying thickness and the influence of the filler’s acoustic stiffness on the launch velocity.