Ventilator waveform monitoring can assist in clinical management by providing real time, dynamic information on the interaction of the ventilator with the ventilated infant and can alert the clinician on acute or impending respiratory complications. The pressure, flow, volume and carbon dioxide signals can be depicted over time and at a breath-by-breath frequency. The pressure-volume curve can depict dynamic changes in the compliance of the respiratory system and can assist in evaluating the response to ventilatory interventions. The flow-volume curve can provide information on airway function and the adequacy of the inflation and deflation times during invasive ventilation. Carbon dioxide monitoring has gained increased popularity over the recent years and is currently widely used in neonatal intensive care. The graphic depiction of the exhaled carbon dioxide against the expired volume can provide information on the respiratory dead spaces and ventilation homogeneity using offline calculations.