This chapter examines the current state of residency training and working conditions for physicians in Germany, drawing on a wide range of national and international training surveys. Despite long-standing awareness of structural issues such as understaffing, inadequate mentorship, and lack of standardized training curricula, recent data indicate persistent dissatisfaction among residents. Special focus is given to gender-specific disparities, including unconscious bias and unequal access to training opportunities. The analysis includes evaluations by the German Medical Association, Marburger Bund, Hartmannbund, and specialty-specific surveys, as well as meta-analyses conducted by the Bündnis Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ). International comparisons from the Netherlands, the United States, and Canada provide further insights into the systemic challenges and potential best practices. Key recommendations derived from the data include implementing structured, competency-based training curricula; strengthening mentorship and feedback systems; enforcing working time regulations; and promoting inclusive career development policies. These reforms are essential to improve physician well-being, retain healthcare professionals within the system, and ensure the delivery of high-quality patient care in the face of growing healthcare demands.