The extent of press freedom in Oman is closely bound up with the question of freedom of expression in the broader context of the Arab Gulf states. This complex issue is determined by three salient factors that are applicable to all Gulf States: the region's political structures, which primarily consist of hereditary absolute monarchies, control of society in the name of customs and traditions, and a monopoly on religious interpretations of what is permissible (Halal) and prohibited (Haram). These factors collectively shape a cognitive framework for life to which the authorities and populace have become acclimatised. Any deviation from this customary structure is perceived as a breach of the familiar system, thereby fostering a culture of herd mentality. Gulf societies tend to fear deviating from the herd's path, ostracising and attacking those who challenge the conventional culture. Consequently, any opposition to government policies is viewed as an act of treachery, acting as an ‘agent of the enemy’, or a failure to acknowledge the government's benevolence. Similarly, individuals who oppose dominant religious doctrine are labelled as heretics, atheists, or infidels, while those who reject traditional social norms are deemed peculiar, lose their status, and may be disowned by their tribe.