This study explores the role of parametric design and visual programming in facilitating the modeling transformation behavior of re-entrant honeycomb structures for 4D printing. While current design tools such as Grasshopper enable 3D modeling, they lack integrated features for mechanical, material, and thermal influences on 4D design transformation. To address this limitation, we defined a scenario of transformation behavior for a re-entrant honey-comb unit to construct transformation equations to predict deformation under real-world conditions. A three-phase method was established to explore experimental data from previous studies to inform the derivation of transformation equations, which are refined using linear and polynomial regression and evaluated against theoretical models with different materials. The results demonstrated that incorporating material-dependent thermal expansion, mechanical strain, and angular contributions effectively captures both linear and nonlinear deformation in the concept honeycomb unit as a case study. These findings provide a framework for enhancing the parametric design of trans-formable structures in 4D printing applications. Future work will expand these groundings, transformation equations into a broader range of geometries and material properties.

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Constructing Transformation Equations for Modeling 4D Printing Re-entrant Honeycomb Structures with Shape Memory Polymers

  • Milad Karimpour Lalehdashti,
  • Shengyu Liu,
  • Kyoung-Yun Kim

摘要

This study explores the role of parametric design and visual programming in facilitating the modeling transformation behavior of re-entrant honeycomb structures for 4D printing. While current design tools such as Grasshopper enable 3D modeling, they lack integrated features for mechanical, material, and thermal influences on 4D design transformation. To address this limitation, we defined a scenario of transformation behavior for a re-entrant honey-comb unit to construct transformation equations to predict deformation under real-world conditions. A three-phase method was established to explore experimental data from previous studies to inform the derivation of transformation equations, which are refined using linear and polynomial regression and evaluated against theoretical models with different materials. The results demonstrated that incorporating material-dependent thermal expansion, mechanical strain, and angular contributions effectively captures both linear and nonlinear deformation in the concept honeycomb unit as a case study. These findings provide a framework for enhancing the parametric design of trans-formable structures in 4D printing applications. Future work will expand these groundings, transformation equations into a broader range of geometries and material properties.