The introduction to Agricultural Extractivism in the Mediterranean Region: A Socioecological View lays out our shared approach to studying agroextractivism in Mediterranean agriculture. We address why we should describe the relations that structure contemporary Mediterranean agriculture through the lens of extractivism. By outlining the limitations and advantages of existing conceptualizations, we argue that a focus on value and valuation processes is essential for understanding the relationship between labor-value and nature-value. The connections between the contributions in this collection help us identify two key elements of agrarian extractivism. The first relates to the “commodity frontier” aspect : the continuous process of converting resources into commodities amid a struggle that defines value. The second element concerns the capacity of concrete human and non-human communities and their socio-ecological connections to reproduce, that is, to sustain life over time. We consider this an extractivist process when the capture of value that serves capital accumulation transforms relations between people and the environment in such a way that some communities of living entities are endangered in any number of ways. In agroextractive spaces, the dialectical tension connecting these two processes is the result of capital reorganizing human and non-human nature in the search for profit.