Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent motor condition in childhood, affecting gait, posture, and mobility. Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) is a novel intervention that provides repetitive, task-oriented therapy. Investment in pediatric rehabilitation in Kazakhstan has increased, yet barriers to access and implementation remain. This review consolidates global research (2014–2024) about the efficacy of robotic rehabilitation technology for individuals with cerebral palsy and examines the role of artificial intelligence in customizing therapy and enhancing neuroplasticity. A literature review encompassing randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, observational studies, and case reports regarding treatment efficacy, neuroplastic adaptation, artificial intelligence integration, and implementation challenges. RAGT has proved gait velocity, step length, balance, and GMFM scores in child participants classified as GMFCS II–IV. Its benefits are generally comparable to those of conventional therapy. Artificial intelligence technology possesses significant promise for real-time adaptability and engagement. Prospective applications encompass digital twins, at-home rehabilitation, and machine learning-driven customization. The primary challenges include elevated costs, lack of standardization, and the requirement for pediatric-specific validation of artificial intelligence. Motor enhancements are attained by robotic therapy but are maximized when integrated with AI for adaptability.