We review elements of the behavioral biology of Papio(Guinea baboon) baboons, their morphological correlates, and ways in which these relationships may inform interpretations of Paranthropus paleobiology. Papio spp. have long served as referential models for human evolution due to the many similarities between Papio and Homo, with hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas (hamadryas baboon)) being particularly suitable in some respects. We examine two sets of form-function relationships in Papio(Guinea baboon) and hominins: cranio-dental anatomy to infer feeding ecologyEcology and sexual dimorphismSex(ual) dimorphism to infer social behavior. First, we report on variationVariation in several dento-gnathic features across baboon populations in light of habitat differences. Second, we review key behavioral correlates of sexual dimorphism in primates and discuss these relationships in light of variation in dimorphism and behavior in baboons. We conclude with a cautionary note about inferring behavior from morphologyMorphology in the hominin fossil record.