We present the fossil evidence for Paranthropus by summarizing the discoveries chronologically. Because the fossil evidence from southern AfricaSouth(ern) Africa was the first to be found, we discuss that before moving on to the evidence from eastern AfricaEastern Africa and MalawiMalawi. Our review of the interpretation of the fossil record of Paranthropus focuses on the alpha taxonomy of the craniodental evidence. Craniodental evidence dominates the fossil record of both Paranthropus robustus and Paranthropus boisei and few postcranial fossils are unequivocally associated with diagnostic craniodental remains, so until we have a better handle on the taxonomic valencyTaxonomytaxonomic valency of limb bones taxonomic debates inevitably concentrate on the craniodental evidence.