Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has conventionally been used in the intensive care unit to manage chronic and acute respiratory failure. In recent years, NIV has been employed in other clinical settings due to the perceived beneficial features it possesses over invasive mechanical ventilation. For anesthesiologists, these characteristics of NIV can make it feasible to support patients in the perioperative period. Intraoperative use of NIV could be of interest in subsets of patients for whom mechanical ventilation is relatively contraindicated or for patients refusing endotracheal intubation. Intraoperative NIV may also be a better alternative to invasive mechanical ventilation during minimally invasive surgical procedures such as endovascular procedures, permanent pacemaker placement, or internal jugular vein catheter placement. In this chapter, the applications, limitations, and patient populations for NIV for these procedures are considered.