Procedures in obstetrics and gynecology require an understanding of cardiopulmonary physiology associated with the pregnancy state and other various disease processes. In particular, most commonly encountered medical conditions include sleep disordered breathing, preeclampsia, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes. They present unique challenges as this patient population frequently involves women of childbearing age. In addition to recognizing and modifying the abovementioned risk factors, noninvasive mechanical ventilation plays a major role in caring for patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. When used as adjunctive therapy, it improves overall pregnancy outcome and cardiovascular health. However, it is unclear whether the influence of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has on perinatal outcomes. Though needing larger-scale investigation, noninvasive mechanical ventilation also appears to have long-term benefits in mitigating risks associated with cardiovascular events. Guidelines by The European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) support the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure for hypoxemic patients with acute perioperative/periprocedural respiratory failure. Reported literature supports other uses in special conditions.