This chapter provides a holistic examination of the multifaceted nature of waste management in the twenty-first century. It also explores the critical role waste management plays in promoting environmental sustainability, economic efficiency, and social equity. The chapter begins by outlining the classification and sources of waste, including municipal, industrial, electronic, and hazardous waste, followed by an overview of current global trends and practices in waste generation and disposal. Various key waste management strategies such as reduction, reuse, recycling, energy recovery, and landfilling are critically assessed in terms of their environmental impact and long-term viability. The chapter further investigates the economic dimensions of waste, analyzing the cost structures, market incentives, and the emerging circular economy model that aims to transform waste into valuable resources. It also discusses the social implications of waste, including public health, community engagement, and policy-driven behavior change. Special attention is given to disparities in waste management between developed and developing countries and the challenges faced by marginalized communities. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, policy analysis, and case studies from around the world, this chapter also emphasizes the need for integrated waste management systems supported by innovation, regulation, and public participation. It concludes by highlighting future directions in sustainable waste governance and the importance of global cooperation to address the mounting waste crisis.