This chapter explores the concept of autonomy, defining it as the capacity for self-determination rooted in self-directed motives and freedom from coercion and manipulation. The evolution of different conceptions of autonomy, from an ancient Greek virtue to Kant’s moral philosophy to contemporary conceptions, are examined. The chapter also addresses critiques that highlight its potential overemphasis on individualism and that question autonomy in light of societal power dynamics. In light of these critiques, the chapter calls for a “relational autonomy.” The need for autonomy in democracy is explored through historical experiences of authoritarian and unjust political rule. Finally, the chapter explores implications for learning autonomy.