The year 1958 set precedents at the state, regional, and global levels for handling Middle Eastern crises that would be repeated during the 1961 Kuwait Crisis. Conflicting interpretations of Arab nationalism and unity resulted in the formation of the United Arab Republic (Egypt and Syria) and the establishment of the Arab Federation (Iraq and Jordan) to counter the former. The latter soon collapsed following a coup in Iraq that replaced a pro-Western monarch with a nationalist officer who held opposing views of Arab nationalism and Arab unity than those of Gamal Nasser of Egypt. Internal threats to Lebanon and Jordan, both pro-Western states, resulted in an American military intervention in the former and a British military intervention in the latter. The precedents set in 1958 included regional crises that resulted from clashes involving different interpretations of Arab nationalism and Arab unity; the willingness of Western states to militarily intervene in Middle Eastern states when facing threats to their state interests; the involvement of the UN to examine the issues for political solutions; and the deployment of UN peace operations to permit the withdrawal of Western forces and provide a measure of political stabilization for negotiations.