The period immediately following the end of the Second World War is the subject of this chapter. It was a time marked by a sense of optimism in the envisioning of a utopian world. This new order was partly based on the sharing of scientific and technological knowledge with science perceived to be the panacea for societal ills: war, poverty, inequality and the rampant nationalism that had characterized the preceding conflict. Addressed here, then, are two conferences, the first of which is the Science and World Order Conference held in 1941 and designed to render concrete the idealistic principles of the Atlantic Charter. It was here that the British Commonwealth Scientific Collaboration Committee was established, and they proposed a conference to be held five years later in London in 1946. While a symbol of collaboration, there were from the outset concerns about national security in terms of the sharing of scientific and technical information, especially that related to the military. The UDF nevertheless proposed a central repository where patents could be housed in Britain and to which all Commonwealth members would have access. In addition to national concerns and interests – as evident in the national scientific research organizations such as the South African CSIR – the Commonwealth Scientific Conference also reflected Britain’s shifting relationship with the Dominions, acknowledging their roles as co-creators of scientific knowledge with national priorities that may have taken precedence over those stemming from their relationship with Britain. The Conference represented a brief moment of unity – although beset by existing divisions – before the polarization of the world during the Cold War and increasing South African isolation with the rise of the apartheid state in 1948.