The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth, and survival and plays an essential role in maintaining retinal structure and function. Within the retina, a highly metabolically active and layered neural tissue, mTOR signaling governs diverse physiological processes, including neurogenesis, synaptic connectivity, photoreceptor maintenance, and metabolic adaptation. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in a wide array of retinal pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and glaucoma. This chapter reviews the spatial and functional dynamics of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) across retinal cell types, explores their cross talk with key metabolic and stress–response pathways, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies targeting mTOR to preserve retinal integrity and function in both degenerative and proliferative retinal diseases.