The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of neuronal growth, synaptic plasticity, and energy metabolism in the human brain, with critical roles in the development and function of the visual cortex. During neurodevelopment, mTOR signaling governs cortical neuron differentiation, dendritic arborization, and synapse formation—processes essential for establishing functional visual pathways. In the mature visual cortex, mTOR activity modulates experience-dependent synaptic remodeling, visual learning, and memory consolidation. Dysregulation of mTOR, particularly hyperactivation of mTORC1, has been implicated in a range of cortical pathologies including focal cortical dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis complex, and epilepsy—all of which may involve visual processing deficits. Moreover, aberrant mTOR signaling can disrupt the balance of excitation and inhibition within the visual cortex, impairing visual perception and higher-order integration. Therapeutic modulation of mTOR has shown promise in preserving cortical function and plasticity, highlighting its potential as a target in both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders affecting the visual system.