The textile industry releases large volumes of waste containing dyes, heavy metals, and synthetic compounds that persist in the environment and pose ecological risks. Microbial-enzymatic bioremediation provides an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical treatments. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are capable of breaking down or adsorbing pollutants, while enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and azo reductase specifically target aromatic rings and azo bonds. For solid textile residues, enzymes like keratinases from Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas species offer safer options in processes such as leather dehairing. Recent developments, including enzyme immobilization, extremozymes, and microbial engineering, have further improved efficiency and reusability. This combined approach reduces chemical use, lowers sludge generation, and supports sustainable waste management, though challenges remain in optimizing conditions and scaling these methods for industry.