Despite the high mortality from COVID-19, the severity of symptoms, evidence of vaccine effectiveness, and its free availability, the adoption rate of COVID-19 vaccination in Russia was slow. Attitude is suggested to be one of the major factors associated with health-related decisions, particularly vaccine refusal. However, less attention is paid to the factors underlying the attitude itself. The current study systematizes the question of exploring factors related to COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and examines predictors of attitudes toward the vaccine. As part of this study, we analyze the results of a survey (N = 170) conducted at the end of 2023, assessing COVID-19 vaccination experience, general perceptions of vaccines, and attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine. The results identified a group of factors influencing the formation of a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. These factors include being female, perceiving the COVID-19 vaccine as similar to other vaccines, having a more positive attitude toward vaccines in general, and getting vaccinated voluntarily.