In the context of a rapidly globalizing world, food systems are undergoing significant transformations that present both opportunities and challenges. This chapter explores the multifaceted outcomes of these changes, emphasizing the critical issues of food security, sustainability, and environmental impact. The global food trade has become a pivotal mechanism for addressing food shortages, particularly in regions facing high food insecurity; however, it is not a panacea for the looming global food crisis exacerbated by population growth and dietary shifts toward more resource-intensive foods. The sustainability of food systems has emerged as a pressing concern, especially in light of climate change and the increasing frequency of natural disasters. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defines a sustainable food system as one that ensures food security and nutrition for all while safeguarding the economic, social, and environmental foundations necessary for future generations. Yet, the current trajectory of food systems often undermines these principles, leading to adverse outcomes such as biodiversity loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and the exacerbation of malnutrition. For instance, the fragility of the global food system has been highlighted by recent disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and conflicts such as the Russia–Ukraine War, which have exacerbated food insecurity and malnutrition. Moreover, the complexity of global food systems has intensified, driven by advancements in technology and globalization. While this complexity can enhance resilience by diversifying food sources, it also poses risks of over-complexification, which can lead to environmental degradation and increased vulnerability to shocks.