The relationship between food and agriculture is multi-dimensional and complex. Understood narrowly, agriculture is merely a means for food production. At another level, agriculture transcends its immediate role as a provider of food and plays an important part in both economic development and social change. Nowhere is the question of agriculture more central the world over than when it relates to the provision of food for the millions of underprivileged and the need for global food security. For a majority of low-income nations with large agriculturally dominant economies, agriculture is also a matter of vital concern as a major source of employment and income, providing economic opportunities for food, livelihood, and employment. Though history is replete with instances where civilizations grew and ultimately collapsed when agriculture was no longer sustainable the way it was practiced, modern agriculture faces a different range of challenges, including growth and efficiency in food production, diversity of food production systems and diets, market opportunities, and distribution of economic rewards and, crucially, regulation and governance. Production systems, as they have evolved historically, straddle a continuum that draws from effective resource management and optimum location of food production systems and infrastructures on one end and the maximizing of food production through ecological intensification, driven by the use of chemical and biological technologies and inputs, on the other. At another level are the emerging cuisine sectors, some of which are driven by cultural and dietary reasons, while others by health and ethics considerations. The challenges faced by developers today are thus multi-dimensional and require eco-socioeconomic approaches and solutions.