This chapter sets the theoretical and conceptual framework for this research, which aimed to analyze Bangladesh’s policy learning process and its outcome: a profound impact on the rise of the garment industry which resulted in the transformation of the country’s growth trajectory. The policy learning dynamics led the export-oriented garment industry to offer excellent conditions for analyzing the evolutionary policy learning, political decision-making, and economic development in the emerging economy context. This story deviates from the cases that are studied by Hugh Heclo and Peter Hall in advanced economies and developed countries like England and Sweden, yet the theory of policy learning can still be pertinent as an analytical tool.