An Overview of DAG-Based Blockchain Protocols and Their Trade-Offs
摘要
Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) based blockchain protocols have been proposed as alternatives to traditional linear-chain systems, aiming to improve scalability and reduce latency. This paper selects several representative DAG-based designs, outlines their architectural features, and analyzes their core design trade-offs, including aspects such as ordering and consistency. We also present a comparative overview of their reported performance and outline a preliminary evaluation framework to support future comparative analysis. This work aims to establish a common foundation for comparing a newly developed Tycho protocol designed to achieve fast finality in TON-derived blockchains. Tycho utilizes DAG-based consensus to deliver external (user-created) executable messages to an execution layer running smart contracts in parallelized sandboxed Tycho VM. In contrast to consensus mechanisms that operate on blocks of transactions, this design reduces dependencies on global state and enables high throughput and low latency. This has been demonstrated through measurements in non-production environments under simulated load and confirmed by few protocol users in production environments.