This paper introduces a new optimization algorithm called Exponential-Trigonometric Optimization (ETO), inspired by the combination of two important mathematical elements: exponential functions and trigonometric functions. This algorithm is built to achieve a balance between two important stages in the optimization process—that is, exploring the search space and exploiting potential solution regions. By integrating random components and flexible adaptation, ETO shows the ability to find solutions efficiently and avoid local extremes. To verify its effectiveness, the algorithm was applied to the optimization problem of a 200-bar truss structure. The results from the comparative experiment with other famous algorithms such as PSO, SCA and HHO show that ETO consistently gives the best solution and has higher stability. This proves the great potential of ETO not only in the field of structural optimization but also in many other engineering and scientific fields in the future.